“…”We were initially surprised to learn how much the pancreatic beta cell contributes to the onset and severity of diabetes,”…”The observation that beta cell malfunction significantly contributes to multiple disease signs, including insulin resistance, was unexpected. We noted, however, that studies from other laboratories published over the past few decades had alluded to this possibility.”
In healthy people, pancreatic beta cells monitor the bloodstream for glucose
using glucose transporters anchored in their cellular membranes. When blood
glucose is high, such as after a meal, beta cells take in this additional glucose and respond by secreting insulin in a timed and measured response. In turn, insulin stimulates other cells in the body to take up glucose, a nutrient they need to produce energy. In this newly discovered pathway, high levels of fat were found to interfere with two key transcription factors—proteins that switch genes on and off.
These transcription factors, FOXA2 and HNF1A, are normally required for the production of an enzyme called GnT-4a glycosyltransferase that modifies proteins with a particular glycan (polysaccharide or sugar) structure….” Full Slice